Interprofessional Working As Central To Healthcare Management Nursing Essay

Interprofessional Working As Central To Healthcare Management Nursing Essay Fast-Track Discharge is a service available to in-patients who wish to leave hospital at the end of their lives and to die in a place of their choosing (REF). In practice, this requires the use of Fast-Track Pathway Tool for NHS Continuing Healthcare (July 2009) which aids healthcare practioners in ensuring support for individuals with a rapidly deteriorating condition entering the terminal phase in their preferred place of care (REF). This process is designed to bypass potential delays associated with the completion of the full NHS continuing healthcare eligibility process; meaning responsibility for care packages lies with the PCT in order to move the individual to their preferred place in a timely fashion (REF). This innovation has been introduced to combat the issue that the majority of people who would choose to die at home ultimately end their lives in hospital (Gomes Higginson, 2006) despite the UK having one of the worlds most developed palliative care systems (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2010). The Fast-Track Discharge aims to reduce the incidence of hospital deaths by speeding up the discharge process, facilitated by the Department of Health (DoH) End-of-Life strategy that includes ten markers to measure implementation and effectiveness (REF); for example, ensuring that individuals end-of-life care preferences and choices are well documented, communicated and where possible, achieved (DoH 2010). Furthermore, the strategy makes recommendations to better meet patient needs by improving community services, improved cross-agency communication, and improved communication skills of the healthcare worker to better enable delivery of end-of-life through collaborative efforts by PCTs and spe cialist NHS providers (RCN/Royal College of General Practitioners 2011). Partnership working and quality of care has become a central focus for the NHS following the NHS Next Stage Review High Quality Care for All (Darzi, Date?), that has identified the need to personalise services for individuals through the provisions of information and choice. However, the current economic climate of austerity has seen the NHS identify  £15-20bn of efficiency savings that must be achieved by year end 2013/2014 as a result of increased pressure on the NHS budget from the growing healthcare demands of an ageing population with higher patient expectations (DoH, 2010). This is being achieved through four themes shaping healthcare policy in an environment of austerity; quality, innovation, productivity, and prevention QIPP; a regional and national programme supporting clinical teams and NHS organisations to improve quality care whilst making efficiency savings that can be reinvested into NHS services (REF). QIPP is engaging large numbers of NHS staff to help address qua lity and productivity challenges at local and regional levels through tools and programmes developed by national QIPP workstreams, to ensure success implementation (REF). The dynamic nature of the healthcare environment and the need to successfully deliver efficiency savings whilst enhancing patient care, particularly in relation to the Fast-Track Discharge, has highlighted the importance of effective communication and successful motivation by those in management and leadership roles to achieving this (REF). Leadership and management are by no means two distinct and separate roles, and in fact the level of overlap between the two means they often form part of the same role, with many leadership or management roles involving a combination of both i.e. there is continual adjustment of the direction (leadership) and controlling resources that pursue that direction (management) (REF). Essentially, leadership articulates a new vision or direction for a group whilst management facilitates the realisation of this vision through effective control of people/resources according to established values or principles (REF). Scouller (2011) quantifies this by suggesting that management involves the effective utilisation of resources to achieve goals that have been formulated by the change, inspiration and enthusiasm necessary for leadership. However Marquis and Huston (2012) warn against viewing these as two separate functions performed in two distinct roles, asserting instead that leadership is a function of management. Nonetheless Finkleman (2006) contends in healthcare settings it is possible to observe many nurses who fill roles of leadership without being in formal management positions, and arguably there exists managers who are not effective leaders; suggesting then that the harmonisation of management and leadership falls to individuals to be able to successfully integrate the need for change and inspiration with the ability to control and utilise. The qualities and abilities required for managers/leaders to effectively implement the necessary vision and drive with organisations have been the focus of models and styles of leadership that have their foundation in theoretical approaches to leadership and have impacted the management and delivery of healthcare (Finkleman, 2006). Perhaps the most prescriptive of theories pertaining to management/leadership is the trait-based leadership model that emerged from Carlyles (DATE) Great Man Theory; it is based on the integrated patterns of personal characteristics, following the assumption that individuals possessing certain qualities and traits are better disposed to leadership roles (Zaccaro, Kemp Bader, 2004). There is a strong emphasis on values and beliefs, personality, confidence, the need for acceptance or achievement and emotional, mental and physical attributes and the theory contends that people are born with specific traits, some of which are strongly aligned with good leader ship (Eysenck, 1992). However Tulsian Pandey (2006) have reiterated the argument raised by Spencer (1680) regarding this assumption; that the belief that people demonstrate successful leadership abilities independently of their environmental situations and influences is flawed. However this approach to identifying what makes a good leader is inherently appealing in so much as it fits with the notion that leaders are gifted individuals that can do extraordinary things; which individuals can use as a measure of their own personal leadership attributes (Jung Sosik, 2006). That notwithstanding critiques of the theory express concern about the over-simplified approach to leadership (Conger Kanugo, 1998), contending that traits are a poor predictor of behaviour, primarily because a high score on an assessment of a particular trait does not necessarily equate to consistent displays of that trait in varying situations (Boeree, 2006). This contention is particularly applicable when considering leadership in nursing environments; the dynamic nature of said environment is largely unpredictable, potentially leading to individuals integral to these environments to react to this capriciousness and behave in ways that are strongly indicative of consistent traits (REF). However from these traits, it may be possible to patterns of behaviour in individual leaders. The behavioural view of leadership, whilst acknowledging the traits of leaders, places emphasis on the learned patterns behaviour that leaders acquire (REF); Weber (1905) identified two types of leaders bureaucratic and charismatic. The highly structured and procedural approach of the bureaucratic leader contrasts with the energy-enthusing enthusiasm of the charismatic leader approach. From this developed the democratic leadership style, which assumes that individuals are motivated by internal drives and impulses with a proactive desire to undertake and complete tasks (Sullivan Garland, 2010). Arguably, such an approach to leadership is suited to the automony and individual management required for extended periods of group working (Marquis Huston, 2009). However, critiques of theory propound that without clearly defined roles or in a time-constrained environment this approach to leadership has the potential to lead to communication failures and incompletion of projects (REF), high lighting the integral role that communication and motivation play in the context of the effectively delivery of the Fast-Track Discharge innovation. Communication, defined by Boddy (2008) as the reaching of a common understanding through the exchange of information in the form of written or spoken words, symbols or actions, impacts all levels of management activities and incorporates all key stakeholders including; clients, colleagues, superiors and subordinates (Marquis and Huston, 2012). The process of communication is a complex two-way complementary process used to convey a message between two or more individuals, with sender and receiver roles that should be used in such a way that benefits patient care and reaches identified outcomes (Finkleman, 2006). Considering the potential implications of ineffective or inadequate communication on patient care and the implementation of initiatives, an understanding of the communication process for healthcare providers is of paramount importance (Marquis and Huston, 2012). This process, at its most basic level, involves the initiation of communication from the sender by trying to transfer ideas, facts or information to the party who receives the message, the receiver; the message is coded by the sender using words, actions or expressions which represent a tangible expression of the senders ideas through a chosen communication channel (face-to-face, electronic communication, written words). This message is then decoded by the receiver and reconstructed to resemble the original message (Boddy, 2008). However, Finkleman (2006) asserts that perception of a message is fundamental to the communication process and effective communication dictates that the receiver must be capable of perceiving the senders message correctly; failure to do so will result in ineffectual communication or messages being misconstrued (University of Rhode Island, 2010). Furthermore, Marquis Huston (2012) have suggested that directions of communication (upwards, downwards, diagonal, lateral) also impacts of the way the message is decoded by the receiver; contributing to directives, facilitation of tasks, negotiation, problem-solving and discussion according to which direction of communication is used (Sullivan Garland, 2010). In the context of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative, downward and diagonal communication are likely to be most salient, owing to the need for senior management to effectively impart the initiative throughout the organisation and the requirement for nursing practictioners to communicate with external agencies in order to effectively deliver said policy (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010). However, these are not the only consideration for the effective implementation of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative; the choice of communication model has the potential to impact on the sending and receiving, and integrity of information. Models of communication are visual, simplified representations of complex relationships in the communication process (West Turner, 2010). The earliest of these models, the linear model developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949), frames communication as a one-way process of transmitting a message to a destination, from the sender to the receiver through a channel (see appendix 1) and gives consideration to the potential for message distortion in the process communication noise (University of Rhode Island, 2010). Critics of this model suggest that the definable beginning and end of communication presumed by the theory is incorrect and does not take account of interuptions (Anderson Ross, 2002). Furthermore, there is an assumption of the passivity of listeners and that communication can only occur when speaking that has not been borne out in reality (West Turner, 2010). These issues are addressed in the interactional model (Schramm, 1954), that highlights the bi-directional nature of communication; from sender to receiver and receiver to sender; suggesting an ongoing rather than linear process that is characterised primarily by feedback or response to the message in the form of assessment of the communication. However although this model addresses some of the shortcoming of the linear approach, critics have suggested that the interactional model still neglects to consider the impact of non-verbal messages sent with verbal messages and maintains the one-dimensional view of senders and receivers propounded by the linear model (West Turner). Conversely, the transactional model highlights the notion that sending and receiving messages is simultaneous and mutual and both senders and receivers are responsible for the effect of and effectiveness of communication, building a shared perception of the message being communicated and acknowledging the necessity of both verbal and non-verbal behaviours as an inherent element in the communication process (West Turner, 2010) Clearly then, effective communication is of paramount importance in the conveying, delivering and receiving of messages and is therefore central to the effective implementation of the Fast-Track Discharge initiative. The most appropriate model of communication to ensure the successful delivery of the initiative is the transactional model, allowing for the building of shared perceptions regarding the initiative that have the potential to converge to form a shared vision (Torrington et al, 2005). Such a model does not fall prey to the overly-simplified approaches to communication propounded by the linear and interactional models such as neglecting to consider the symbiotic nature of human communication and the issues caused by not giving due to consideration to the influence of external distortions; whilst giving appropriate weight to the impact of non-verbal communication on sender/receiver perception of the message and how noise levels alter this message (West Turner, 2010). Semantic noise is a particularly pertinent issue; the highly technical nature of frontline healthcare, in this case delivered by nurses to terminally ill patients, invariably results in the use of jargon and technical language to communicate with colleagues (Devlin, 2009). The British Medical Association contends that the use of jargon and technical language when dealing with wider stakeholders, as is central to this initiative, has the potential to cause confusion for both staff and patients and feedback collated from patients surveys by the BMA has revealed a significant negative emotional impact on patients and their families as a result of ineffectual communication methods (Triggle, 2009). The interdependent, cross-agency relationships that are necessary for the effective delivery of the initiative means that frontline care providers have to communicate information to individuals in a diverse range of agencies that are not familiar with the use of department or speciality-specifi c language (REF). The use of unfamiliar or technical language has the potential to alter the receivers perception of the message, which may lead to mistakes or delays in the delivery of the initiative for a particular patient (Triggle, 2009) Whilst styles of leadership and the qualities and skills of leaders is of paramount importance in the effective implenatation of the fast-track discharge programme, the issue of interproffessional working and team building needs to be considered in conjunction with these skills (sounds clumsy!). It is crucial that intergrated models of health and social care are effectively implemented in a timely manner that is cost efficient, innovative whilst using resources wisely (CIPW DATE). Team working enables the professions to solve complex health problems that cannot be adequately dealt with by one profession alone. (WHO 1999: 135). A team can be described as a group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach, for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. (Carrier Kendall 1995), implying a willingness to share ideas and knowledge for a common goal. Various models of team working exist to allow recognition of basic concepts. Identifying team roles may be useful in identify peoples strengths and weaknesses in the workplace. This information can be used to: Build productive working relationships Select and develop high-performing teams Raise self-awareness and personal effectivenessBuild mutual trust and understanding(REF). Belbin identifies 9 roles (Appendix) within a team and suggests that balance is the key to an effective team that requires at least one of each role to ensure a strong team. Allowable weaknesses of each role are also recognised allowing for management of these perceived weaknesses (Belbin 1981). However it can be argued that not all teams will be made of 9 people each carrying an identified role and that some people may have one or more strength in a preferred role (Brooks, 2009). B. Tuckman (1965) proposed an alternative view to addressing group dynamics, suggesting that groups move through 5 stages of development. Firstly, leader-led information and resource gathering (Forming). Conflicts may develop with tasks being resisted (Storming), and then conflicts settled with a developing team group cooperation with new standards set (Norming). At this point teamwork is achieved and solutions are found and implemented (Performing). On completion of task the group disperses (Adjourning) (Cole, 2004). This suggests then that effectiveness as an outcome is achieved over a period of time as the group develops an understanding of the task, what is required to complete the task and an awareness of the skills and knowledge of the individuals making up the group (REF). These models focus on the behaviour within groups, however inter-professional working requires intergroup working and collaboration between these groups is vital in the delivery of good quality healthcare. Following a three year study of multi-professional working Miller et al (2001) suggested three main types of interprofessional working; Integrated team working whereby the teams served the same population of patients leading to a joint approach to care planning and evaluation of care. However it was noted that this approach worked most well when caring for a group of patients who were medically stable (Hewison 2004). Fragmented working describes a group of professionals making decisions within their own profession groups but with sharing of information often resulting in a superficial understanding of roles and boundaries and a lack of consensus around decision making. A type of interproffessional working incorporating both of these models has been described as core and periphery w orking whereby a predominantly integrated core group works alongside a more peripheral fragmented group. Glendinning et al (2002) argue that whilst integrated style of working has benefitis for the patient the circumstances to achieve this in its purest form are not often in place and as a result this disclocation of the core group from the periphery can result in a lack of communication and a poor understanding of the role of others. These various approaches to interprofessional working can enable practitioners to plan and design the best type of care and to clarify how they are organised. The fast-track discharge programme involves health care professionals from both health and social care sectors and is supported by a Fast-track Discharge End of Life Pathway (DoH 2008). An integrated style of interprofessional working is required to co-ordinate all elements of the care pathway. With nurses being the key provider and co-ordinator for patients in hospital reaching the end of theirs the responsibility falls to them to link and communicate across the health and social care teams (RCN 2011) whilst working in partnership with and as an advocate for the patient and their family/carers. This requires the nurse to ensure that all team members contribute to the care planning process and, with consent (NMC 2008), circulate relevant information to key co-ordinators. A MDT meeting with the key nurse, consultant/Registrar, O Ts/Pts, Discharge Liaison Nurse, Palliative Care Nurse, Pharmacist, and Social Services representative is appropriate to share information, ensure that all team members are aware of the patients wishes and the plan to discharge. It may be most appropriate for the Palliative Care Nurse to liaise with the patients GP and this needs to be decided upon. All decisions need to be clearly documented and regularly updated and shared with relevant professionals. Poor communicaton and fragmented working across professions is the main barrier to this innovation being successful. Organisational cultures refers to the values and behaviours that contribute to the social and psychological environment of an organsition, including the expectations, experiences and philosphosies and is based on shared attitudes and beliefs. (Schein 210).

First Draft of Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay

There are a lot issues that actually affect our economy, such acts as gross domestic product, nominal GDP, real GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and as well as interest rates. These areas actually has massive power regarding the way we purchase groceries, if there will be a large amounts of layoffs to workers, and decrease in taxes. Gross Domestic Product is defined as the market value of services and goods that are made in the country in one year. This is an indication of the normal living situation in a country. On the contrary, real GDP is a nation’s total output of goods and services adjusted for price changes. Nominal GDP is the gross domestic product without inflation adjustments. Unemployment rate is a fraction of the whole workforce who are unemployed and looking for work. Inflation rate is the amount increase by percentage that products & services increase on an annual basis. Interest rate is the amount charged, expressed as a percentage of principal, by a lend er to a borrower for the use of assets. These factors are relevant to our lives and how we manager the money we have. Purchasing food sounds like an easy thing to do but if you are limited on money, it can be very stressful. The price of food affects the government. Products are produced and sold within our country; this affects GDP, real GDP, and nominal GDP. This is precisely relevant to buyers spending and during periods of recession, buyers ease up on spending and decide to save. Once consumers venture into savings mode, all business will be effected because production is down and this could cause layoffs. Purchasing food affects homes due to the fact that a lot of people have a hard time trying to provide for their families and when the cost of goods constantly goes up but wages don’t this makes it really difficult to live. Massive layoffs affect people’s standard of living and that is what the GDPÂ  is centered around. Having to many layoffs can have a dramatic effect on the unemployment status which c auses the economy to have a higher unemployment rate which causes salaries to go down so what their spending is down. Massive layoffs has a vicious cycle and globally in 2012, 200 million people were without employment and this shows the slowdown in employment growth, which means companies are were not hiring and people were not spending like they use to. Massive layoffs affect the economy dramatically because it has a huge impact on consumer spending which in my opinion makes the world go around. If no one is buying then production is down and that’s how layoffs happen, and this affects households, businesses, and the government. Tax decreases can stimulate economic growth because if people are paying less in taxes, they have more money to spend. It has been proven over the years that tax decreases generate economic growth and federal revenue will always rise. On a personal note, I sometimes spend more during tax season because I usually get back a good return because I qualify for various tax breaks. These affect my household because I have more disposable income. Tax decreases can help a business if their taxes are decreased the organization will payout less and have more income. As we compare GDP, nominal GDP, real GDP, unemployment rates, inflation, and interest rates, it is obvious that all of these factors affect us every day. They show how we spend our money and these factors give indications of recession. Buying groceries, layoffs, and tax decreases are all a reflection of these factors. Daily acts, such as, buying groceries has huge impact on our economy because it is directly related to consumer spending, which is a driving force. Massive layoffs affect our households, business, and government because this causes consumer spending to go down. Tax decreases on the other hand has a positive influence on all six factors. Plus it will benefit your household, business, and the government. References Colander, D.C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin http://www.forbes.com

My favorite hero Netaji Subhaschandra Bose Essay

Great heroes are honoured in every country. There are many such heroes in every country. People have great liking for this hero or that. In our country many great heroes were born in the past. They were great patriots. They sacrificed their lives for the freedom of their mother land. We may mention, for instance, the name of Rana Pratap. He was a great national hero. He sacrificed everything for the freedom of his State. In the present age also many great heroes were born in India. They sacrificed their lives for their country’s freedom. We remember their names with love and respect. My favourite national hero Among the great heroes of modern India, the name of Netaji Subhaschandra comes uppermost in my mind. I like him best/He is my favourite national hero. His life is a great ideal to us. It inspires every Indian with ardent patriotism. Why he is my favourite national hero Very few Indians can be compared with Netaji Subhas. He was born in a rich and aristocratic Bengalee family in Orissa. He became a member of the Indian Civil Service. That was probably the highest ambition of most of the Indian students during the British rule in India. But Netaji Subhas was not satisfied with this. He did not like the life of luxury and pleasure. He chose the difficult path of serving his motherland. He took the vow of freeing his beloved motherland from the bondage of foreign rule. He resigned his imperial sevice. He did not care for rank and wealth. He joined the movement of the Indian National Congress under Deshbandhu Chittaranjan. He reaped the fruit of his service to the motherland. He struggled hard to free India from the British rule. And for this he had to suffer much all through his life. He was sent to prison. He was externed. Then he was interned in his own home. But no hardship could daunt his spirit. He followed his ideal with wonderful zeal. He did what he thought to be right. In this respect he did not yield even to Gandhiji. Perhaps we cannot mention any other eminent leader who had the courage to oppose Gandhiji. But Netaji did it because he had the courage of conviction. He felt that in certain respects he was right and Gandhiji was wrong and he had the courage to say this. His courage won the admiration of all. He became the President of the Indian National Congress. But he had to resign Presidentship for his fault of opposing Gandhiji. He preferred this. Still he would not sacrifice his firm faith in his policy of fighting for the freedom of his beloved motherland. During the last great War, he left India in disguise and went to Germany and Japan. He hoped to free India with the help of those countries. He had a wonderful power of organization. This had been noticed all through his life. He raised an army and called it the Indian National Army. It is briefly known as LN. A. With this army he fought against the powerful British Government at Imphal in Manipur. But owing to many adverse circumstances, his attempt was not successful. But his noble example inspired all freedom-loving people and particularly the young men of India. This LN. A. and’Jai Hind’ which was their way of greeting, will make his name ever memorable in the history of India. The members of I. N. A. alled him Netaji and since then he has been known as Netaji Subhas. After his failure, he left for Japan in an aeroplane. It is said that he met his death from the crashing of that aeroplane. But many Indians still believe that he is not dead. If he is alive, we do not know where he is now. Conclusion The life of Netaji Subhaschandra is a bright example of wonderful patriotism, indomitable spirit, undaunted courage of conviction, miraculous power of organization and loftiness of character. All these virtues appeal to me most, and hence I regard him as my favourite national hero.

Dissolve Styrofoam or Polystyrene in Acetone

Dissolving Styrofoam or another polystyrene product in acetone is a spectacular demonstration of the solubility of this plastic in an organic solvent. It also illustrates just how much air is in the Styrofoam. All you need to do is to pour a bit of acetone into a bowl, and place Styrofoam beads, packing peanuts, chunks of foam, or even a Styrofoam cup in the container. The Styrofoam will dissolve in the acetone much like sugar dissolves in  hot water. Since Styrofoam is mostly air, you may be surprised by how much (or, in the end, how little) foam will dissolve in the acetone. A cup of acetone is enough to dissolve an entire bean bags worth of styrofoam beads. How It Works Styrofoam is made of polystyrene foam. When the polystyrene dissolves in the acetone, the air in the foam is released. This makes it look like youre dissolving a massive quantity of material into a small volume of liquid. You can see a less-dramatic version of the same effect by dissolving other polystyrene items in acetone. Common polystyrene products include disposable razors, plastic yogurt containers, plastic mailers, and CD jewel cases. The plastic dissolves in just about any organic solvent, not just acetone. Acetone is found in some nail polish removers. If you cant find this product, you could dissolve styrofoam in gasoline just as easily. Its best to do this project outdoors because acetone, gasoline, and other organic solvents tend  to be toxic when inhaled.

The Between Traditional And Online News - 1630 Words

Introduction The advancement of technology in today’s world has bring a huge different in media industry, news has been transformed and are able to be viewed on multiple platforms. Online news has be the trend for public now (How Americans get their news, 2014), especially the youngster, because news are update instantly and is accessible anywhere, anytime. However, there are drawbacks to this convenient way of publishing and receiving news; ethics, reliability, and credibility of media has been questioned by the public (Wadley, n.d.). American s trust on media dropped back to the lowest point which is 40 percent last year (McCarthy, 2014). In addition, tabloids are on almost every paper, media should or should not take on the†¦show more content†¦They integrated written articles, photos, and videos, all placed in one site so readers can obtain all the information needed in the shortest time. However, some of the news article, especially on social media sites and blogs are written by freelance writer or citizen journalists, which credibility is questioned by the public. Moreover, the culture of post-correction is adapted because if an error is spotted after published, they can change it simply by editing the post. In print media, Jack Kelly fabricated dozens of his work during his career with USA TODAY and was one of the finalists for Pulitzer Prize 2002. After he was found guilty, he lose all his fame and his job as a journalist for 21 years (Morrison, 2004). Reasons on why journalists lost their credibility According to Rasmussen Reports (2013), only less than 6 percent of the American citizens voted media as a very trustworthy source. This show how much public distrust news media nowadays, and the main reason is because of some journalists plagiarized and fabricated news (The Public Isn’t Buying Press Credibility, 2005). Recently in February 2015, the country’s â€Å"most-watched journalist†, Brian William was known to be fabricating the news on Iraq war in 2003, this was a large bomb that not only affects his own reputation, other trusted news anchors also faced public’s questioning their credibility (Editorial Brian

Invasion Of The United States - 1472 Words

The decision to invade Iraq was perhaps the largest foreign policy blunder in modern Western history. Its immense cost—in the thousands of lives lost, trillions of dollars spent, and an unquantifiable amount of political capital squandered—represents an immense failure at many levels of government. Today, even though Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship and security state have been dismantled, Iraq remains ruined: its economy is in shambles, sectarian strife is rampant, and the Islamic State, a terrorist army, controls much of the northern and western parts of the nation. Iraq is a â€Å"state† in name only. In her memoir â€Å"The Unraveling† documenting her experiences in Iraq, Professor Emma Sky argues that to identify who is responsible for this failure, blame cannot be placed on just one actor. Both Western policymaking blunders—from the marginalization of experts to de-Baathification to the support of Nouri al-Maliki—and Iraqi politici ans’ self-serving agendas acted in concert to exacerbate the sectarianism that ultimately tore the country apart. The first mistake the Western architects of the war made was to invade at all. The decision itself was based on false premises—that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, that the US would be greeted as liberators, and that the war would be swift and successful. Sky characterizes the war as a â€Å"modern-day Crusade of ideologues and idealists and the ignorance, arrogance and naivety† (128). The architects of the war—from President George Bush toShow MoreRelatedObesity Invasion Of The United States1247 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity Invasion An invasion is occurring right under America’s nose, it’s has spread like wildfire through the vast mountains of California. What is this invasion I speak of you may inquire? Well, it is expansion of the American’s waistlines that is soaring at such alarming rate it astounding. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention concedes that â€Å"obesity is affecting 1 out of every 3 adults and 1 in 4 children.† A study conducted by Ramon Martinez, a technical specialist in health metricsRead MoreThe United States Invasion Of Iraq1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe Economic Surprise On March 20, 2003 the United States entered into a conflict on two fronts. While the United States military was moving into Iraq, the American economy was taking the first assault of a long and expensive fight. Victory was declared several years ago, and many are content to leave the story at that point. Advocates of the war have hailed its expediency and relatively minimal cost to the United States and its allies. The facts support a different conclusion. The truth lies inRead MoreThe United States And Invasion Of Afghanistan1327 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will argue that the United States and allied invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 should be a full five stars on the BBC audit, declaring it a war based on religion. The Islamic State’s attack on September 11, 2001 cause the United States and its idea of democracy to assume the role of a symbolic religion. The United States took on the role of the enemy of the Islamic State due to their unwanted involvement in the Middle East. In the 1990’s the United States had desecrated mosques, which wasRead MoreThe Invasion Of Iraq By The United States Essay1847 Words   |  8 Pagestheir opposition. However, they are not the utopias of peace that many people envision democracies to be. The invasion of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003 stands as a strong example where the impact of a forced regime change has resulted in unrest and violence. IGO’s like the UN promote democracy in a less invasive and obstructive way and are a lot more successful. The invasion of Iraq clearly demonstrates the dangers of promoting democracy in an undemocratic international system. TheRead MoreThe United States Invasion Of Privacy1224 Words   |  5 PagesInvasion of Privacy People might not think about being watched when they’re posting personal experiences in their life on social media. The government has the ability and justification to go through a person’s social media site, listen to phone calls, and read text messages as a way of narrowing down possible suspects for terrorism. The privacy laws in America are what allows the U.S. government to search the digital world for possible threats to the country. Although some say that privacy lawsRead MoreThe United States 2003 Invasion Of Iraq1374 Words   |  6 Pages THE THEORYOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THAT BEST EXPLAINS THE UNITED STATES’ 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ Name: University: Instructor: Date: Introduction The war in Iraq is noted to have been initiated by the American’s efforts to fight terrorism. At the time, the British and the Americans had affirmed that Saddam Hussein, the then Iraq’s leader was associated with terrorism that had internationalized. Moreover, they had established that Saddam HusseinRead MoreThe Euphoria of the 1950s Did not Last1030 Words   |  4 Pagesthe late 1950s, the United States enjoyed a comfortable period of booming economic growth. Although the world was seemingly at peace, this state of euphoria would not last. The Cold War was brewing underneath the surface, and communism began to threaten democracy itself. These communist ideas spread throughout the world even as close to the United States as Cuba. The Bay of Pigs was a direct result of this spread of communism and had many consequences. The preparations, invasion, and aftermath of theRead MoreThe United Kingdom And Iraq During The Invasion Of Iraq1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2003 Inv asion of Iraq began on 19 March and ended 1 May 2003 with coalition forces the United States and its allies (United Kingdom, Australia and Poland) invading Iraq, called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United Kingdom Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair felt that the threat of terrorism from Iraq must be dealt with immediately, with his speech in Texas 2002 saying that the United Kingdom must be prepared to act where weapons of mass destruction and terrorism loom over them. 1 The war endedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Cuban Revolution1559 Words   |  7 Pageswas the spark that ignited the flame of communism in Cuba. The developing nation gained independence only as recently as 1898, and was already filled with an atmosphere of distrust and resentment towards the United States. In July of 1953, a revolution began in Cuba between the United States backed President Batista and Fidel Castro. Fidel and his brother Raul Castro lead a series of guerilla warfare battles against the forces of President Batista. â€Å"I am Fidel Castro and we have come to liberateRead MoreAmerican Military Intervention Against Isis1040 Words   |  5 Pagesresembles a typical state instead of a terrorist organization, through holding territory and region-specific revenue sources (Crawford, 2003). The president’s decision to start a ground offensive against ISIS illustrates the greatest show of force in modern history. While the reasons for going to war are just, the mission s low chance of success makes the war morally unjust. The ground invasion has too many moral obstacles and would further risk destabilizing the region. The United States could not peacefully

Social Networks in Business-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in Business. Answer: Introduction This research project has been conducted on the topic Advantages and disadvantages of using social networks in business in which different aspects related to social network and its impact on business has been discussed. Businesses are using social networking for enhancing their performance and interacting with the customers in a better manner. Summary of the literature review will be provided for highlighting the key aspects discussed. Different methods and techniques will be discussed in this research program which will be used for the collection of quality and reliable data. The research process will be prepared so as to guide the execution of the research program in an effective manner. Figure 1: Social networking Source: (Advisor, 2017) Project objective Every activity is carried out with a motive which must be achieved from the execution of the activity. Different advantages and disadvantages are associated with the use of social networking platforms for business. These aspects will be covered under this research program. Information will be gathered with the help of different articles and journals available over the internet. Information collected will form the basis for the reliability of this research Project scope Use of social network is increasing due to which companies are getting attracted towards these platforms. This research program will discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of using the social network for business. Role of social networks and advantages and disadvantages of using these platforms will be discussed under this research. The comparison will be made between the positive and negative impacts of social networking platforms for analyzing the impact of the social network on business Literature review Social networks are those platforms which are being used for interacting with a large number of people and establishing a social relationship with them. There has been a rise in the number of companies using the social network for enhancing the performance of the business. The social network is playing a vital role in shaping the performance of the business. Need for increasing interaction between the customers and business is increasing due to various reasons (Shafigullina Palyakin, 2016). These reasons include an increase in the competition, change in the expectations and demand of the customers, increasing need of using innovative marketing strategies, attracting a large number of people towards the products or services offered by the business and establishing a healthy relationship with the customers or potential customers of the business. Different views have been presented by different authors for the use of the social network for business (Fita, 2012). In the words of Vahl (2014), use of social networking has enhanced the effectiveness of business. Social networking platforms have the power to connect with a large number of people as well as reduces the cost involved in the marketing function of the business. The communication process between the business and customers or potential customers also increases with the use of social networking platforms. Social networking platforms are being used as a promotional tool which has provided a competitive advantage to the business. On the other hand, Oyza Edwin (2015), there are few negative aspects of social network which are creating an adverse impact on the performance of the business. The social network may negatively affect the reputation of the business as a social network are open and people are free to comment on the information shared by the business. Communication is an important aspect and business is focusing on enhancing the communication with the customers of the business. Social networking platforms provide an opportunity to the business for promoting the products or services with making fewer efforts in less time. Social networking platforms are also being considered by the businesses as these have enhanced the satisfaction level among the customers and helps in developing loyalty among the customers. It has resulted in the enhanced customer base of the business. Changes are taking place in the business environment and social network has helped in promoting the business and coping with the increasing competition due to the dynamic business environment (Si, 2016). On the contrary, Traditional methods are also used by business for the promotion of the products or services of the business. Traditional methods help in communicating with the different sections of the society who are not using social networking platforms (Siricha roen, 2012). Research questions and hypotheses Research questions Research questions for this research program are listed below: What is the role of social networking for businesses in this dynamic business environment? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using social networking to business? What aspects need to be considered while selecting social networking platforms as a marketing tool for business? Hypotheses The social network has changed the manner in which marketing functions of the business were carried out. Social networking has affected the reputation of the business adversely. Research Design and Methodology Research methodologies are the sum of different methods or techniques which a researcher applies for gathering the required information from the different sources available. For the execution of this research program, different methods have been put to use. These methods or techniques are discussed below: Research methods: There are various research methods available which can be used for collecting information for the research depending on the requirement of the research. For the collection of the data for this research, the qualitative method has been adopted for the collection of the data related to the research topic (Smith, 2015). Qualitative method has been applied for collecting information related to the advantages and disadvantages of social network for business. Qualitative method can be explained as an approach used for collecting quality data which helps in maintaining the quality of the research (Quick Hall, 2015). Research approaches: qualitative and quantitative approaches have been selected for the collection of data related to the research topic. The qualitative approach helps in collecting the data by developing knowledge of the reasons, opinions, and aspects which are hidden behind the topic of the research (Crossman, 2017). Primary and secondary sources have been used in this research program for collecting quality information related to the research topic. Information has been collected from the articles, journals and research work of other authors available over the internet. These sources have helped in maintaining the quality of the research and developing knowledge of the aspects related to research topic (Nirmala, 2013). Data collection: Data collection is done with a motive to collect relevant information for the research so as to execute the program in a better manner. For collecting data related to this research program, primary and secondary sources of data collection have been used. The motive behind a collection of a combination of these sources is to develop a proper understanding of the aspects of the research topic. Primary sources are those raw form of information which is collected by the researcher directly from the respondent. This source of data collection provides current information (Thomas, 2015). The questionnaire has been prepared and it will be presented to the employees of organizations which are using social networking platforms. The interview will be conducted by the employees of the management department of the companies using social networking as a marketing tool. Secondary sources are used as these sources are more reliable than primary sources (Turkenburg McAuley, 2013). T his reliability is due to the reason that secondary source of data is already collected and used by others for their works. This aspect enhances the reliability and authenticity of the data. Journals, articles and other internet sources have been used for collecting secondary source of data (Johnston, 2014). Sampling size and Techniques: data gets collected in large quantity and analysis of this large quantity data in limited time span acts as a challenge. For coping with this challenge, random sampling technique has been selected for the analysis of the collected data. Random sampling technique is an effective technique which provides equal opportunity to every sample of the population of getting selected and analysis is done on the selected samples. This analyzed information forms basis for the conclusion (Nishad Sankar, 2016). Research Strategy: Research program need to be completed well on time for ensuring the effectiveness of the program. For the attainment of this goal, it is vital to conduct the research properly. A systematic approach has been selected for this research will have helped in the execution of every activity of the research in a sequence. This has resulted into covering every aspect without skipping out any important activity. An action plan has been prepared for the identification of the different activities of the research. Targeted market: Targets need to be set from where information related to the research is to be collected. This helps in identification of the sources from where information has to be collected. A combination of primary and secondary sources has been used for this research. For the collection of primary data, the questionnaire will be presented to the employees of the marketing department of companies using social networks and interviews will be conducted. Secondary sources have been collected from the internet and for ensuring the reliability articles, journals and other sources are used which are published after 2008. Choice: Different alternatives are available which can be used for completion of the research program. The selection has been made after analyzing the need or requirement of the research program. Ethical consideration: ethics helps in bifurcating the right and wrong. During the execution of this research program, ethical values and principles have been followed. This is done for ensuring the conduct of the research program within the ethical framework. The focus of this research is on collecting data in a fair manner, presenting the data in a fair manner, maintaining confidentiality and conducting research in an unbiased manner. Research Limitation During the execution of this research program, few issues have acted as a limitation and affected the execution process of the research program. These limitations are mentioned below: The short span of time was available for the execution of this research program. Due to this limited availability of time, random sampling technique has been applied for the analysis of the collected data. Lack of access to the data has also affected the execution process of the research. Lack of resources has also acted as a limitation. Different resources are required for the execution of a research program and non-availability or insufficient availability affects the quality of the research. For maintaining the quality of the research, quality sources have been used. Time Schedule Serial no. Activities Initiation date Duration (days) Completion date Description 1) Selecting research topic 30 August 2017 2 31 August 2017 Selection of the topic will be done 2) Constructing plans for the research 01 September 2017 5 05 September 2017 Plans will be constructed for conducting the research 3) Execution of the constructed plans 06 September 2017 9 14 September 2017 Plans will be executed as per the planning phase. 4) Selection of data collection methods 15 September 2017 3 17 September 2017 Method for data collection will be selected for the execution of research in an effective manner. 5) Collecting data using selected method 18 September 2017 6 23 September 2017 Data will be collected with the help of selected methods. 6) Analysing gathered data 24 September 2017 3 26 September 2017 Data will be analyzed with the help of sampling data. 7) Interpretation of results 27 September 2017 2 28 September 2017 Results will be drawn from the analyzed information. 8) Drawing conclusion and providing recommendations 29 September 2017 1 29 September 2017 The conclusion will be made on the basis of the analyzed and interpreted data and recommendations will be made for future research. Gantt chart Conclusion Thus, it can be summarised from the above discussion that social networking is gaining much importance in this dynamic business environment. Its importance is rising due to a variety of reasons. Different aspects have been discussed in this report which is creating positive as well as negative impact on the performance of the business. This research program has developed an understanding of the different advantages and disadvantages of social media. For the collection of data related to the research topic, different methods and techniques have been put to use. The focus of the research is on a collection of quality data for enhancing the reliability and authenticity of the research program. References Advisor, 2017, How Social Media and Business Communication Can Increase UCC ROI, Advisor. Crossman, A., 2017, An Overview of Qualitative Research Methods, ThoughtCo. Fita, M., 2012, 6 Reasons Why Social Networking is So Popular These Days, Brandiginity. Johnston, M. P., 2014, Secondary Data Analysis: A Method of which the Time Has Come, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 626. Nirmala, Y., 2013, Chapter four: research design, Language in India, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 102. Nishad, P.M. Sankar, S., 2016, Efficient random sampling statistical method to improve big data compression ratio and pattern matching techniques for compressed data, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 179. Oyza, I. Edwin, A. M., 2015, Effectiveness of Social Media Networks as a Strategic Tool for Organizational Marketing Management, Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. Quick, J. Hall, S., 2015, Part three: The quantitative approach, Journal of perioperative practice, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 192 Shafigullina, A. Palyakin, R., 2016, Social Media Marketing as an Effective Instrument of the Promotion of Social Business-Project in Social Entrepreneurial Activity,Academy of Marketing Studies Journal, 20, pp.17. Si, S., 2016, Social Media and Its Role in Marketing, Business and Economics Journal. Siricharoen, W. V., 2012, Social Media, How does it Work for Business?, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4. Smith, N.L., 2015, Using Action Design Research to Research and Develop Evaluation Practice, New Directions for Evaluation, vol. 2015, no. 148, pp. 57-72. Thomas, J. A., 2015, Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection, Nurse researcher, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 25. Turkenburg, J. P. McAuley, K. E., 2013, Data collection and processing, Acta Crystallographica Section D, vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 1193-1194. Vahl, A., 2014, 10 Successful Facebook Marketing Examples, Social Media Examiner.